The hazard
Soil is heavy, and a trench wall can give way with little or no warning. A cave-in can bury or crush a worker before they can react, and a coworker who jumps in to help can be caught by the next collapse. These rules keep the walls off people and give everyone a way out.
The action
Do not work in an excavation with standing or rising water unless adequate precautions are in place, such as water removal, special support or shield systems, or a harness and lifeline (29 CFR 1926.651(h)(1)). Where low oxygen or a hazardous atmosphere exists or could reasonably be expected, such as in a landfill, the air must be tested before anyone enters an excavation more than 4 feet deep. Crews usually test with a gas monitor. (29 CFR 1926.651(g)(1)(i))
ASK THE CREW
What protective system are we using, and where does it stop protecting us?
From the talk: Trenching and excavation. Read it in full, free, with the questions and the sign-in sheet.